Linear Regression of Job Satisfaction

Linear regression plots a line between our data that minimizes the least squared difference between the data points and the regression line (Wooldridge 2009). This model allows us to generate estimates of the magnitude of impact of a one-unit increase in our independent variable on our dependent variable on average in the population of interest (Moore, McCabe Craig, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Linear Regression of Job Satisfaction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It makes a few key assumptions, mostly that the individuals—and specifically, the residuals, or the distances between these data points and the line—are independently and identically distributed (Wooldridge 2009). If these assumptions are met, this approach is the best linear unbiased estimator. This generalized linear model is the basis for other statistical procedures, like ANOVA and t-tests (Trochim 2006a). We plan to analyze our data using this method of analysis to assess three research questions: how self-rated satisfaction on intrinsic, extrinsic, and overall job satisfaction scales, respectively, predicts satisfaction with employer benefits. Specifically, these variables are all continuous variables that measure how people rank their satisfaction on a range from 1 to 7. Association of Benefits and Intrinsic Job Satisfaction In order to assess the extent to which intrinsic job satisfaction predicts satisfaction with benefits, we can fit the following regression line: where benefits is our dependent variable (or â€Å"y†), represents the constant, or the intercept; represents the coefficient associated with the effect of a unit increase in the intrinsic score, and is the error term for each individual in the regression. Our results suggest that there is a small, positive, non-significant relationship between intrinsic satisfaction and benefits. Specifically, our intercept is 5.199 and the slop e of the line, or the one unit difference in the intrinsic score, is 0.033. In other words, a score of 0 on the intrinsic scale would be associated with a 5.2 (though this is out of the range of our data, since the scale does not go to 0), and a one unit increase in the intrinsic score would raise the benefits score, on average, by 0.032 points. While the intercept is significantly different from 0 (p0.001), the intrinsic variable is not significantly different than 0 (p=0.49). The correlation coefficient of this model, or the extent of the variation in the benefits outcome explained by theis model, is 0.016, which is quite small.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Association of Benefits and Extrinsic Job Benefits In order to assess the extent to which intrinsic job satisfaction predicts satisfaction with benefits, we can fit the following regression line: where benefits is ou r dependent variable (or â€Å"y†), represents the constant, or the intercept; represents the coefficient associated with the effect of a unit increase in the extrinsic score, and is the error term for each individual in the regression. Our results suggest that there is a small, negative, significant relationship between extrinsic satisfaction and benefits. Specifically, our intercept is 6.35 and the slope of the line, or the one unit difference in the intrinsic score, is -0.19. In other words, a score of 0 on the extrinsic scale would be associated with a 6.4 (though this is out of the range of our data, since the scale does not go to 0), and a one unit increase in the extrinsic score would lower the benefits score, on average, by -0.19 points. The intercept and extrinsic score are both significantly different from 0 (p0.001. The correlation coefficient of this model, or the extent of the variation in the benefits outcome explained by this model, is 0.42, which is quite larg e. Association of Benefits and Overall Job Benefits In order to assess the extent to which overall job satisfaction predicts satisfaction with benefits, we can fit the following regression line: where benefits is our dependent variable (or â€Å"y†), represents the constant, or the intercept; represents the coefficient associated with the effect of a unit increase in the overall score, and is the error term for each individual in the regression. Our results suggest that there is a small, positive, non-significant relationship between overall satisfaction and benefits. Specifically, our intercept is 5.73 and the slope of the line, or the one unit difference in the overall score, is -0.13. In other words, a score of 0 on the overall scale would be associated with a 5.7 (though this is out of the range of our data, since the scale does not go to 0), and a one unit increase in the overall score would lower the benefits score, on average, by -0.13 points. While the intercept is si gnificantly different from 0 (p0.001), the overall variable is not significantly different than 0 (p=0.18).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Linear Regression of Job Satisfaction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The correlation coefficient of this model, or the extent of the variation in the benefits outcome explained by this model, is 0.06, which is quite small. Comparing Results The results were markedly different with respect to the direction and magnitude of the effect of the satisfaction scales. For example, intrinsic had a very small, positive effect, though it was not significant, while the other two scales had a negative relationship. It might be that the extrinsic perceptions of satisfaction are inversely related with benefits—for someone who really likes their work, benefits matter less. However, for someone’s instrinsic satisfaction, benefits are positively associated—the intrinsic ly happier with the job, the happier with the benefits. However, it could also be that the direction of the intrinsic variable is due to chance. It wasn’t significantly different from 0 and could be a function of small sample size. The extrinsic regression produced a very high correlation coefficient, which further makes the point that its association with benefits satisfaction is strong. As mentioned earlier, it could be that extrinsic satisfaction and benefits are strongly correlated in a way that other factors are not necessary for explaining their effects. References Moore, D.S., McCabe G.P., Craig, B.A. (2009). Introductionto the practice of statistics.6th Ed.New York : W.H. Freeman. Trochim, W.R. (2006a). Research Methods Knowledge Base.  http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/dummyvar.php Trochim, W.R. (2006b). Research Methods Knowledge Base.  http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/genlin.phpAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wooldridge, J.M. (2009). Introductory Econometrics. 4th Ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage. This essay on Linear Regression of Job Satisfaction was written and submitted by user Carter B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Religion, And State Sovereignty Essays - Authority, Sovereignty

Religion, And State Sovereignty Essays - Authority, Sovereignty Religion, and State Sovereignty The influence of religion on humankind can be traced back to the first records of history. Religion has served as a pillar of strength to some and binding chains to others. There are vast amounts of information and anthropological studies revealing the interaction of religion and humankind. However, for the purposes of this paper, the time periods of study will be broken up into three sections. Each section will give a general description of how religion affected the institution of the state and its Sovereignty in a Euro-centric perspective. The first period is the early period, which will encompass from Christianity and the Roman Empire to the Medieval times (approx. 311 to 1100 A.D.). The second period will include the Renaissance, the Reformation to the Treaty of Westphalia (1101 to 1648 A.D.). The third and increment of history will range from 1649 to 1945 A.D. The date 311 A.D. marks the issuing of the "Edict of Toleration" for Christians. This date is important because it symbolizes "national" acceptance of Christianity, and planted its roots as a political institution. Later the Roman Empire on the verge of internal collapse acknowledged the importance of Christianity and used it to hold together the remnants of it former self. This adoption of Christianity took form and eventually became the Catholic church. The church became intermingled with politics and became a strong entity. The policies delivered from the church had more authority than the local rulers and magistrates of the developing feudal system. For example, St. Augustine wrote about war and what justified its enactment against fellow men. This policy was followed and adhered to for hundreds of years after St. Augustine wrote it. Another example, is the use of the Bible as a guideline for establishing governing systems. Scripture portrayed God as choosing the king of the people. The pope, being God's "representative" was then given the authority to crown the king. This crowning process gave the pope large influence in the political arena. This ritual continued for a number of centuries. The Crusades, which occurred around 1100 A.D., played a crucial role in challenging the church's authority. The pope identifying the spread of Islam as evil requested all of Europe embark on a "Crusade" to defeat the infidels. As the battles were fought, great treasures were found in the form of books and knowledge. These books were crude translations of old Greek texts, containing information which would eventually produce the waning of Church authority in the future. The Renaissance marked the beginning of intellectual re-birth. Writers such as Dante, Machiavelli, Guiarccidini, Vitoria, etc., all attempting to reform and some even contest church dominance. Dante in his imaginative work "Inferno" writes of hell which he envision is the pope's final destination. Machiavelli takes a more direct role classifying the actions of a prince to be above morality and ultimately above the Church. He continues the affront by classifying a human character of "virtu" as being completely centered around man (humanism). The Raison D' Tat is supreme especially in terms of the church belligerence. In the middle of the Renaissance, the Church was dealt a deadly blow from which it would never recover. This assault came via Martin Luther. His work, "95 Thesis", marked the beginning of the Reformation. This movement split the church into Catholic and Proteezt sects. It marked the beginning of a bloody period which virtually split Europe in half. Examples of the conflict raged between Proteezts and Catholics from the great slaughter of Proteezts in Paris 1572 A.D. (7000 dead) to the Thirty Years War. With the Church in disarray, freedom was given to the "state" to begin to develop. During this period of Renaissance the political identity was going through a tremendous transformation. This transformation took form in what is called Absolutism. "Princes" began to tolerate less and less manipulation from the church. The political entity in the form of monarchy began to wean itself from the Church for its legitimacy and looked toward its own power. Other writers began to rise and discuss issues of sovereignty and the state. Thomas Hobbes discusses the state and refers to it as "Leviathan" which is the concurring title of his