Middle English Literature Essays - English Reformation, Christianity

Center English Literature This period huge - as a result of the impressive change in the structure of society, which cleared route for another general public. Society presently involved Lords (nobles knights), the pastors, laborers and craftsmans (gifted specialists). Sheep cultivating - huge creation of fleece - and its exchange - prompted - recently advanced working class yeoman - who got rich. Ladies were looked downward on, no property directly for them Church turned into an amazing organization - ministers just proficient individuals as were picked as King's consultants. Through the ministry - church affected the legislature. Defilement at all degrees of chapel order. Scholars like Wycliff and his adherents (called as Lollards) arranged the ground for Reformation. In this manner England formed into a country of general significance in the 12 th , 13 th the fourteenth Centuries. Presently no longer Franco - Latin - Europe Time of Chaucer ( 1340 - 1400) ( generally ) Saw the change from the medieval to the cutting edge it denotes the coming of another dialect and writing.

Hero vs. Tragic Hero Free Essays

The Difference between a Hero and a Tragic Hero The deplorable legend is one of the most fascinating characters inside a Greek or Roman play. They delineate numerous feelings and frequently their lives end in a horrendous debacle. When we think about a legend, what consequently rings a bell? To some it might be somebody amazing. We will compose a custom article test on Saint versus Grievous Hero or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Others may think about a legend as somebody of extraordinary quality or capacity. Maybe somebody appreciated for their accomplishments and extraordinary characteristics. To me, it once implied somebody that indicated incredible mental fortitude and duty . A genuine legend is somebody who faces ordinary difficulties valiantly and lives with a grin in spite of issues and inadequacies and now and then in any event, having heavenly powers or something to that affect. Before these two â€Å"heroes† can be thoroughly analyzed, it is basic to comprehend what a heartbreaking saint must have so as to be known as a â€Å"tragic legend. A grievous saint must contain the accompanying highlights; an unfortunate legend consistently had attributes like enormity and an honorable height, they should have a lethal imperfection, that by and large lead them to be incompletely answerable for their own downfall, as a rule their discipline exceeds their wrongdoing, and afterward, obviously, at some point during where the catastrophe happens there ought to be a type of self-acknowledgment for that character. This is the place they understand their error. One unmistakable attribute of a grievous legend is depicted explicitly in the play ‘Macbeth’ by Shakespeare, the lamentable saint Macbeth was a survivor of his uncertainty and instability. In this way, the hero’s ruin is because of his own mistakes and activities. A lamentable saint needs to endure due to his own slip-ups. He is destined from the beginning; he bears no obligation regarding having his imperfection, yet bears duty regarding his activities. He is generally a lord, a pioneer of men and his destiny influences his as well as the lives of an entire country or number of individuals. Shocking legends are no ifs, ands or buts one of the most charming of characters. A Traditional legend is an individual of â€Å"distinguished fearlessness or capacity, appreciated for his daring deeds and honorable characteristics. A legend is â€Å"any individual who has brave characteristics or has performed gallant acts and is viewed as a model or perfect to follow†¦ † He speaks to a positive picture of a person, truly, intellectually, and inwardly. He is adored by all and esteemed for his respectable deeds. He generally takes up particular assignments which nobody else ever sets out to and may go over much affliction that which he battles with his continuance and valor and in the end arrives at triumph with a sure heart. He has characteristics like mental fortitude, trustworthiness and readiness to forfeit. Be that as it may, the greater part of all, he represents all that we love to consider ourselves to be. That is the reason they are so prevalently preferred by many. The most effective method to refer to Hero versus Shocking Hero, Essay models

Birdsong by Sebastian Faulks Essay

This profoundly eccentric 1993 novel by grant winning Faulks, centers around the Battle of the Somme, acclaimed mostly by virtue of the loss of 58,000 British soldiers. The view is delineated so plainly that the perusers will feel as if they are really there, seeing the disfigured, twisted bodies, all because of the horrible war. The story starts in the place of Azaire, in France, 1910. 20-year-old Englishman Stephen Wraysford is remaining there, while becoming familiar with the materials business. He experiences passionate feelings for Isabelle, Monsieur Azaire’s spouse, who is 9 years Stephens junior. Notwithstanding the age contrast they have intercourse extensive occasions, and before long flee together to a substitute piece of the nation. In any case, Isabelle falls pregnant and feels pressurized and befuddled, so escapes to the arms of her senior sister, Jeanne. Stephen came back from work and acknowledged she had gone, without realizing he was destined to be the dad of a small kid. Following a couple of days the strong character acknowledged she was rarely returning, and he disregarded his first love totally. The following scene happens during the Battle of the Somme, where Stephen having had great training, was elevated quickly to an official. He is frequently alluded to as being ‘strange’ by his kindred men, of whom didn’t consistently admire the cutthroat, confined character. Stephen phenomenally endures two years of overwhelming fights, and he gets controlled by a mysteriously solid will to endure On leave, he finds Isabelle’s senior sister Jeanne in the town of Amiens, and continuously develops a relationship with the lady. She clarifies that Isabelle had come back to Azaire however as of late met a German called Max of whom she experienced passionate feelings for. She consented to let Stephen visit her, as she was sick in the wake of being harmed by a shell. The book goes ahead so as to 1978, where Stephen’s granddaughter Elizabeth is attempting to discover increasingly about her courageous granddad. She makes visit excursions to see a man, Brennan, who battled in the war with Stephen. She had numerous scratch pad that once had a place with Stephen, all written in uncommon code. Elizabeth got a companion to contemplate the books and in the end he figured out the code. Elizabeth felt that Jeanne was her grandma, yet her own mom, Francoise, at last admitted to her that her grandma was really Isabelle, the sister of Jeanne. On leaving the war Stephen wedded Jeanne, and Isabelle and Max both kicked the bucket, leaving the recently marry couple to raise Francoise. Stephen is a very trustworthy character, who had a frustrating childhood, leaving him to be all in all a ‘loner’. He has no companions or family, and doesn’t get a letter until the finish of the war, which is from Jeanne. At the finish of the war him and Jack Firebrace are caught underground, thus Stephen makes a blast to draw in the consideration of his kindred men. Tragically, the Germans hear the commotion, and night-time of looking, they find the man. I discovered this the most energizing and fascinating piece of the book, and was alleviated when the Germans grasped Stephen and gave him water to fix his lack of hydration. It was incredible hearing the articulations, ‘the war is over’. The title, ‘Birdsong’, doesn’t lead the crowd to think it is a war novel, as a birdsong is a sweet, honest, sound that catches ones heart. Be that as it may, all through the novel, Stephen alludes to the commotions of feathered creatures he hears. In the wake of having intercourse to Isabelle just because, he lies in complete fulfillment tuning in to the flying creatures. Likewise, toward the finish of the war, he returns over the ground with some new German companions, to be welcomed by the sweet tune of flying creatures. When composing this I accept that Faulks’ aims were to educate individuals regarding what is resembled to be a trooper in the Battle of the Somme, and he effectively did as such by delivering an extremely exact record of what it resembled. I felt completely the fatigue and agitation that the officers more likely than not felt and it caused me to acknowledge somewhat exactly what they experienced. This engaging yet advising book is a great that I will always remember, albeit maybe a piece excessively long. This holding, moving impactful book captivated me and I especially prescribe it to those that discovered history exercises monotonous, however need to find out about the Battle of the Somme.

Communication Technologies in Canada Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resea

Correspondence Technologies in Canada Canada is likewise exceptionally extraordinary in the worldwide economy considering their correspondence innovations. Canada is a one of a kind nation since it permits two fundamental organizations control its correspondence industry. The two major players in the game are Rogers, who control eastern Canada, and Shaw, who control western Canada. Rogers Communication began with a dream that radio is an electric pipeline by Edward S. Rogers, Sr. In 1925 Mr. Rogers, Sr. created the world's initially substituting current (AC) radio tube.1 The radio cylinder was a gigantic achievement in correspondence innovation and in radio gathering, and because of the development; radios got regular mechanism of correspondence. Edward's child, Ted Rogers has now made another current of correspondence. Ted Rogers has various endeavors in communicating, satellite TV and communication2 Ted likewise took correspondence to another level by building various digital TV frameworks in the United States. So Rogers not just control an enormous piece of the Canadian correspondence part yet now has moved to the States too. What's more, in March 1989, Rogers Communication finished the offer of its U.S digital TV interests for CDN $1.581 billion.3 Rogers have begun to make an immense number of benefits outside of Canada while as yet staying with the with a Canadian imminent. Inside Canada at the present time, Rogers has taken correspondence innovation to an entire distinctive period by giving its clients more than one administrations. Rogers currently offer types of assistance, for example, Cell, Digital PCs, Paging, and information correspondence, and Cable TV, rapid web get to and furthermore video retailing, and radio and TV broadcasting, mail order shopping, distributing and new... ...lted on April 08, 2003 6 Community Support 7 Rogers. Radio broadcasts. Online at : , Consulted on April 08, 2003. 8 Friday October 11, 2002 CCIT Lecture 9 Rogers. Magazines. Online at: , Consulted on April 08, 2003. 10 Shaw. Thinking Back. Online at : , Consulted on April 08, 2003. 11 Shaw. Thinking Back. Online at : , Consulted on April 08, 2003. 12 Shaw. Thinking Back between 1993-2003. Online at: , Consulted on April 09, 2003. 13 Looking Back between 1993-2003 14 Looking Back between 1993-2003 15 Looking Back between 1993-2003 16 Looking Back between 1993-2003

Gandhian Values

Gandhian Values and its Relevance to me as a Future Leader : Ajay Dixit (10BEC1007) Amidst the environment of pressure, brutality, contrasts of sentiment, joblessness and expansion all inclusive, today the inquiry is being raised over and over about the pertinence of Gandhian way of thinking which depends on truth and peacefulness. At any rate, a large portion of the individuals who restrict Gandhi's musings sadly are Indians and not outsiders. These individuals didn't feel the pertinence of Gandhian musings in any event, when he was alive. This sentiment of conflict with Gandhian way of thinking brought about his assassination.Society is experiencing a corrupted stage which ought to be denied so humankind supports in this world for a considerable length of time. Today when we are encircled by the powers of haziness, we need a pioneer like Gandhi, a man of uncommon fearlessness, character, and mystique, who sets out to come clean, who can beat brutality with peacefulness, and who sho ws us the best approach to light. Gandhi and his twin standards of satya (truth) and ahimsa (peacefulness) are more applicable today than some other time in mankind's history, and the Gandhian style of satyagraha is by all accounts the main strong and down to business, moral likeness war in these grieved times.Gandhi said as well as demonstrated us the way that, â€Å"nonviolence is vastly better than violence,† and the spirit power is undeniably more intense than the savage power. Gandhi was agreeable to utilizing the considerations against the arms and not the arms against the arms, to battle shamefulness and disparity. He gave a deadly implement to the mankind wherein there was no compelling reason to raise arms or make foes. He put stock in changing the general public with his musings and not with the force or force.After the overwhelming devastation of property and lives in the World War II, when there was a whole lot of nothing in the war, finally in 1945, the United Na tions Organization made presentation as indicated by the considerations of Gandhi. That was, ‘war is no answer for any issue so all issues ought to be settled through common conversations'. All the individuals from the UNO marked this harmony proposition. Leader of United States, Obama, has been motivated by Mahatma Gandhi. Obama has fixed a representation of Mahatma Gandhi in his office, where he is seen passing on the message of peace.Obama is dazzled with those incredible methods of reasoning of Gandhi in which Gandhi motivated the world society to confront the devastating arrangements with serene ones. Obama acknowledges Gandhi as his object of worship and took motivation from the image of Gandhi in his office. He says that this image of Gandhi consistently advises him that genuine outcomes don't originate from Washington however from the general population. Obama says that Gandhi was to choose another option while getting India liberated from the British guideline, and he chose mental fortitude instead of fear.Obama, who discusses the Great change on the planet and discovers arrangement of the issues while following the way of peacefulness, is feeling the importance of Gandhian goals in this time of brutality and psychological warfare. Gandhi being an admirer of peacefulness plainly comprehended that savagery is no answer for any issue. As the fear based oppression and viciousness are far reaching on the planet today, there appears importance of Gandhian standards all over the place. Practically all the nations of the world including America are confronting the severest monetary downturn since World War II. Gandhiji was against the large businesses and was stressed over the expanding industrialization.He used to ring the arrangement of industrialization as ‘satanic set up'. Gandhi was of the supposition that the industrialization set up depended on the misuse of man by man. The imbalance will increment in the industrialization set up and there can't be equity. Today the expanding joblessness in India and more industrialization has helped the significance to remember Gandhian contemplations. Remembering India for such a significant number of nations today, little scope enterprises, house businesses and ventures run by the laborers are lying closed and the people engaged with such enterprises have been gravely affected.Where ever such enterprises are running; the poor workers, regular man and the specialist bunches are not really ready to make a decent living. Gandhiji constantly thought about the government assistance of the poor as the focal point of the war of autonomy. I figure the most ideal approach to instruct our kids on Gandhian techniques is clarify the explanations behind savagery on the planet, which is narrow mindedness of individuals that look/talk/carry on uniquely in contrast to us. Instructing them about the unity all things considered, paying little heed to race and strict assorted variety. Additionally, we ought to teach our kids about the genuine message of world religions, and clarify how religion has een truly (and is as of now being) abused for childish political and fear monger plans. Today, individuals who are dynamic in governmental issues, for the most part have the rationale of additions by getting political force. The so said political pioneer ought to have power for social assistance or issues for advancement and progress or for destruction of lack of education and joblessness, for giving wellbeing administrations or to giving fundamental courtesies like streets, power and water. For these, they ought to go among the voters and complete help for the works by them. Precisely inverse, presently there are endeavors to get the force as ‘fruit' without doing any labour.The aftereffect of this alternate route appropriation is that communalism and defilement is prospering all through India. Numerous different nations of the world are additionally feeling the warmth of com munalism and casteism. At certain spots, collective uproars are impelled only for public polarization and hence to make simple and early approach to control. At certain spots, contrasts of language, rank and ideology are spread. At present, some biased pioneers of a specific state who are likewise heading provincial ideological groups in India are utilizing tight musings to spread disdain against North Indians.It isn't a sort of work, work or activity however a straightforward preliminary to get the outcome or ‘fruit' of intensity. Such individuals leave arrangements, standards and even mankind. They don't stop for a second to take choices of the most reduced level just to get the evil intentions. Gandhi never took choices based on dominant part. He looked all the networks similarly might be the Hindus, the Muslims, the Sikhs or the Christians or some other. His important riches was his musings of harmony, love, concordance, truth and non-violence.But the individuals, whose le gislative issues depended on communalism, maybe didn't care for his strategy of common agreement. At long last, a fundamentalist Hindu shot him. In any case, after his penance, his contemplations turned out to be progressively well known. May be that, pundits of that extraordinary soul are more in number in India yet every guest to India from a remote nation who might be a leader of the nation, visit Rajghat and pay tribute. Today, everywhere throughout the world, where there are harmony walks, all recall Gandhi. So there is no repudiating that the musings of Gandhi are applicable even at present and would remain until the end of time.

Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors

Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors Schizophrenia Print Causes and Risk Factors of Schizophrenia By Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP twitter linkedin Jodi Clarke, LPC/MHSP is a licensed professional counselor and mental health service provider with over 20 years of experience in the field. Learn about our editorial policy Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 11, 2019 Schizophrenia Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children In This Article Table of Contents Expand Family History and Genetics Environment Societal Factors Brain and Body Risk Factors Lifestyle Factors View All Schizophrenia is an illness of the brain that causes certain characteristics, abnormal experiences, and behaviors. For different people, schizophrenia can involve different clusters of symptoms. It is possible that slightly different disease processes are involved in these different clusters.?? However, many researchers believe that schizophrenia is a single disease which can have different effects depending on which brain regions are most affected.?? In the latest edition of the DSM, the subtypes of schizophrenia were removed. Researchers do not yet know exactly what causes some people to develop schizophrenia. There is a very strong genetic component to schizophrenia.?? However, genes alone do not completely explain the illness. Most scientists believe that genes don’t cause schizophrenia directly, but do make a person vulnerable to developing the disease. Scientists are studying many possible factors that might cause a person with a genetic predisposition to develop schizophrenia. Verywell / Cindy Chung Family History and Genetics The evidence of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia is overwhelming. The frequency of schizophrenia in the general population is slightly less than 1 percent. Being related to someone with schizophrenia, though, greatly increases your risk of developing schizophrenia.?? Family Connections Just as with other medical and mental health conditions, genetic predisposition plays a role in whether someone will develop symptoms of schizophrenia. The numbers to support this are strong, for example: If your brother or sister or one parent has the illness, your chance of having schizophrenia is around 10 percent.If one parent has the condition, it raises your chances of developing schizophrenia by about 13 percent.If your identical twin has the illness, you have a roughly 50 percent chance of developing schizophrenia.If both of your parents have schizophrenia, you have a 40 percent likelihood of developing the illness.?? We know these family risks are due to genetics rather than family environment, as these rates are the same whether a person is raised in the birth family or not. The children of people with schizophrenia are more frequently given up for adoption because their parents are too ill to care for them. However, genes alone don’t cause schizophrenia. If they did, then identical twins, who share virtually the same genetic code, would have closer to a 100 percent likelihood of sharing the illness, rather than 50 percent.?? Environment As with many health conditions, certain environmental factors may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Viral Infections Exposure to viruses are found to be a contributing factor in the development of schizophrenia. There are a variety of traits of viruses that might make this possible. For example, viruses can: Attack certain brain regions and leave others intactAlter certain processes within a brain cell without killing the cellInfect someone and then lay dormant for many years before causing illness??Cause minor physical abnormalities, birth complications, and altered fingerprint patterns sometimes found in people with schizophreniaAffect neurotransmitters It is also important to note that some antipsychotic agents are also antiviral agents, which can also support the idea that viral infections can play a role in the development of schizophrenic symptoms, particularly psychotic symptoms.?? Herpes Viruses People who have recently developed schizophrenia very often have antibodies to two herpes viruses in their blood, HSV (herpes simplex virus) and CMV (cytomegalovirus). Studies have shown that when these herpes viruses infect someone with a particular set of genes, that person is much more likely to develop schizophrenia.?? Other Infectious Influences People with schizophrenia also are more likely to show antibodies to toxoplasmosis gondii, a parasite carried by cats that can also infect humans.?? Being raised around cats slightly raises a person’s likelihood of developing schizophrenia, and the illness is more common in countries and states where many people have cats as pets. Infectious disease theories of schizophrenia are very exciting and promising. It is too early to know if researching these theories will reveal the cause of schizophrenia, but further study will go a long way toward informing future diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Exposure to Toxins Being exposed to harmful toxins are suggested to play a role in the development of schizophrenia, even as early as during fetal development. Toxins that have been researched to show possible influence include alcohol and lead. Lead Exposure to lead during fetal develop has been shown to significantly influence the likelihood of the development of schizophrenia, particularly psychotic features.?? Lead can be found in things such as: GasolinePaintTap waterChildrens toys Although there are measures that have been taken in more recent years to remove lead from the things we come in contact with everyday, it is important to be aware that lead can still be in our environment. Even a home that has been painted with lead paint 25 years ago or more can release toxins. Societal Factors Because the causes of schizophrenia have been so difficult to define, much research has been devoted to investigating societal issues that could potentially contribute to the onset of the disease in some people. Living in a Populated Area It has been suggested that living in a densely populated area can be a risk factor in the development of schizophrenia. Research has shown that people who grew up in metropolitan areas were more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than those who lived in the country or rural areas.?? Prenatal Exposure to Hunger The children of women experiencing famine during the first three months of their pregnancy have been shown to be more likely to develop schizophrenia.?? Family Environment Being raised in a family with schizophrenia greatly increases the stress and likelihood of abuse and trauma, and children from these homes are more likely to develop the illness themselves. However, the genetic contribution, rather than the psychological stress, explains most of the rate of schizophrenia in children from these families.?? Identifying Schizophrenia in Children It is certainly possible to look in the history of many people with schizophrenia and find past trauma, but many more people with schizophrenia came from loving, supporting homes. One of the many tragedies of schizophrenia is the blame that well-meaning people often assign blame to parents already heartbroken by the illness of their beloved child. It is important to realize that these risk factors do not, in themselves, indicate a cause of schizophrenia. Instead, scientists are looking for underlying differences among these groups of people that can explain why they experience different levels of risk. Brain and Body Risk Factors Developmental theories of schizophrenia suggest that something goes wrong when the brain is developing.?? Brain development, from the earliest stage of fetal development through the early years of life, is an extremely complicated process. Millions of neurons are formed, migrate to different regions of the forming brain, and specialize to perform different functions. The “something” that goes wrong might be a viral infection, a hormonal imbalance, an error in genetic encoding, a nutritional stress, or something else. The common element in all developmental theories is that the causal event occurs during the brain’s development.?? Even though these potential causes may be rooted in very early development, symptoms of schizophrenia typically emerge in late adolescence or early adulthood. Early Disruptions Developmental theories suggest an early disruption causes the brain structure to be disorganized. The start of puberty brings a number of neurological events, including the programmed death of many brain cells, and at that time the abnormalities become critical.?? Developmental theories suggest there are a number of risk factors for schizophrenia related to critical periods in fetal development, such as:?? Schizophrenia is more common in winter and spring births.Children whose mothers experienced famine during the first trimester are more likely to develop schizophrenia.Pregnancy and birth complications increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. However, there is not yet enough evidence that the brains of adults with schizophrenia are disorganized in the ways that developmental theories predict. Also, these theories address the when of schizophrenia’s origin, but not the cause itself. Neurochemicals Schizophrenia clearly involves irregularities in the chemicals of the brain (neurochemicals) that allow brain cells to communicate with each other. We know this because blocking certain neurotransmitters with drugs (like amphetamine or PCP) can cause schizophrenia-like symptoms. Also, antipsychotic medications that block the action of the neurotransmitter dopamine can effectively reduce symptoms. In fact, dopamine imbalance was once thought to cause schizophrenia. However, more recent antipsychotics work without blocking dopamine. Current research indicates that the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate are involved in the cause of schizophrenia.?? The difficulty of neurochemical theories is that most brain processes can affect neurotransmitter levels, and neurotransmitters (of which there are at least 100) all interact with one another. When we say that one particular neurotransmitter or another is causing schizophrenia, we are basing that claim on a single frame of a very long and complicated motion picture, without being able to see the frames that led up to the change we’re observing. The medical treatment of schizophrenia today relies almost entirely upon regulating levels of neurotransmitters, and so research in this area is vital to developing more effective treatments. Lifestyle Factors While certain lifestyle factors may seem to be associated with schizophrenia, the connections are more coincidental than causal. Schizophrenia Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Stress Psychological stress has physiological effects and is implicated in causing or contributing to psychiatric disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological stress also aggravates diseases like high blood pressure and heart disease. Certain types of psychological stress, namely traumas in the aftermath of war, natural disaster, or concentration camp imprisonment, have not been shown to cause schizophrenia.?? This statement doesn’t make sense to many people familiar with schizophrenia. How can it be true? For one thing, schizophrenia does not become more common after these so-called single life incidents. But some research does show an increased risk of developing schizophrenia for individuals who experience traumatic stress disorders,?? especially if triggering incidents occurred early on in life and/or repeatedly as in cases of sexual abuse.?? Stress also plays a significant role in the control of the illness. People with schizophrenia become very sensitive to stress and change. Psychological stress alone can be enough to trigger an episode. Developing and maintaining a routine is one of the most important aspects of avoiding relapse. Life-Changing Events People’s lives are often filled with loss during the time leading up to a first psychotic episode. However, those losses (like relationships, jobs, school, accidents, etc) are often the result of early-onset symptoms including suspicion, memory disturbance, withdrawal, and loss of motivation. Essentially, previously undiagnosed schizophrenia can be the cause of many life-changing events, and not the other way around. How Is Schizophrenia Treated?

Do the Bloomberg Business MBA Rankings Make Sense

Out with the old, in with the new. Lets take a look at Bloomberg’s 2015 top 20 U.S. MBA programs: †¢ There wasnt a single overlap between this years rankings and last years. And there was some very significant shuffling around. These dramatic ups and downs, explains John A. Byrne, rankings expert from Poets Quants, are due in part to the massive methodology changes Bloomberg implemented this year, including diminishing the influence of surveys for the latest graduating class, adding the opinions of alumni from 2007, 2008, and 2009, and adding starting salary and employment data. You can read more about these changes in Byrnes article or here on the Bloomberg site   definitely keep this information in mind when comparing this years rankings with past years. †¢ New to the top 20 this year are slots 19 and 20, Rice Jones and Washington Forster, respectively. †¢ Leaving the top 20 this year are Indiana Kelley, which fell from 16th place in 2014 to 28th this year, and Maryland Smith which dropped from 17th place last year to 33rd place this year. †¢ MIT Sloan made a nice comeback this year, jumping 10 spots from 14th to 4th. †¢ Duke  and Harvard  swapped spots this year, from first to eighth and eighth to first, respectively. Fun fact: This is the first time in BW MBA ranking history (which dates back to 1988) that Harvard wins the blue ribbon. (See the PQ article for more surprising facts.) †¢ Slots 2 and 3 go to Booth  and Kellogg  this year, making a nice new HBK triumvirate. Top 20 International MBA Programs There are significant changes here too: †¢ Its immediately apparent that Asia is missing from this list (as compared to the 2015 Economist rankings where Asia is well represented). Last year CEIBS and HKUST  were in the top 20 (17th and 18th place), and this year theyre no longer present. †¢ Unlike in the Economist rankings, Canada is well represented with three schools in the top 20. †¢ Also missing from the top 20 this year: Concordia University (20th last year). †¢ Newcomers to the list: St. Gallen (not ranked last year), Manchester (jumped from 26th to 19th), and Imperial College London (jumped a few sports from 23rd to 20th). †¢ IMD  took the place of ESMT in the top five. And ESMT dropped 12 slots from 3rd place to 15th. Reaction to the Bloomberg Rankings Yes, it’s really impossible to draw any conclusions about trends from the rankings gyrations because Bloomberg’s methodology has changed so much and repeatedly in the last three years, you would be comparing apples and oranges. In addition, I noticed a few inconsistencies that surprised me and call into question the validity of the assumption underlying Bloomberg’s ranking methodology. Bloomberg Business proudly proclaims â€Å"Our annual ranking of full-time MBA programs now focuses on what most people hope to get after business school: a satisfying, well-paying job.† That makes sense. A â€Å"satisfying, well-paying job† is a critical, if not the critical, motivation for earning the MBA. However if the Bloomberg rankings really reflected the relative success of MBA programs in achieving that goal, I would expect more congruence between the various elements that make up the ranking. I also question if the elements that make up the ranking really reflect whether graduates get that super-duper job. Here are a few elements that don’t make a lot of sense to me: 1. The rankings give the largest weight (35%) to an Employer Survey. The survey ask recruiters to â€Å"assess how well MBA programs prepare graduates for the jobs they want.† Sounds good. But does the other data support the survey? Frequently not. If recruiters think schools are doing well in career preparation, shouldn’t hiring be high? Conversely if recruiters think schools are not preparing their MBAs well, shouldn’t salaries and job placement be lower? That congruence is absent. Are recruiters perhaps influenced by other, irrelevant factors when responding? I don’t know, but something doesn’t add up. 2. Three elements of the survey methodology – job placement, the alumni survey, which asks about job satisfaction and salary for the classes of 2007-09, and starting salary – all directly relate to the stated mission of this ranking. The â€Å"student survey† polled members of the classes of 2014 and 2015. I would expect that high job placement (for the class of 2014 only) and salary would be mirrored in alumni satisfaction, influence the student survey, and vice versa. Again the results are anomalous. †¢Ã‚  Harvard, which is #1 overall, was #4 among recruiters, #2 for the alumni survey, #2 in salary rank, but only #35 for job placement. Huh? Pittsburgh’s Katz school is in 3rd position on that survey, 32 spots above Haahvad. †¢ #2 Booth placed #1 for job placement, a respectable #6 for salary rank, but a dismal #29 for alumni rank. The fact that recruiters ranked it #1, pulled Booth up overall. In this case, the recruiter ranking and the job placement ranking make sense, but why are alumni (from the classes of 2007, 2008, and 2009) so unhappy with Booth? The Great Recession can’t be the reason because graduates of all schools in those years had to deal with the recession. †¢ Kellogg snagged the #3 spot overall, but it too relied on the recruiter survey, where it was #2, to give it height. It was #11 in the alumni survey, an excellent #5 for salary and #6 for the student survey, and a dismal #34 for job placement. If recruiters were so happy with Kellogg, why was job placement relatively poor? If getting a job is driving MBA-dom, why are the students really pretty happy? I could go on, but this would become very boring very fast. The results don’t make a lot of sense. I can’t recommend that you rely on them to evaluate the relative quality of these programs or even the ability of the programs to get you that high paying, satisfying job.    When comparing schools, look at the employment reports for the areas that you are most interested in. See if the companies you would like to work for recruit and hire at your target programs. And of course look at the program itself – the courses, professors, extracurricular options, and approach to MBA education. While you certainly can’t survey thousands of recruiters and students, you can talk to people you respect, network, and gain insight so that you can intelligently choose the programs that support your goals and are likely to accept you. By  Linda Abraham, president and founder of Accepted.com and co-author of the definitive book on MBA admissions,  MBA Admission for Smarties: The No-Nonsense Guide to Acceptance at Top Business Schools. Related Resources: †¢Ã‚  MBA Rankings: Why Should I Care?  [short video] †¢Ã‚  2015 Economist MBA Rankings †¢Ã‚  B-School Zones for Top MBA Programs